The Challenge of Stubble Burning in Indian Agriculture: A Deep Dive
Indian agriculture is the backbone of the nation’s economy, employing a significant portion of the population. It’s no secret that agriculture practices have a profound impact on the environment, particularly when it comes to stubble burning. This article explores the pressing issue of stubble burning in India, its impact on air quality, and the challenges faced by small farmers.
The Stubble Burning Predicament
Small farmers like Aashish Sharma in Haryana state often find themselves at a crossroads during the post-harvest season. They have two choices: either burn crop stubble or hire expensive machines to clear their fields. Unfortunately, the latter option is financially out of reach for many small-scale farmers. Burning crop residues, though harmful, becomes the default choice due to economic constraints.
The Air Quality Crisis
The consequences of stubble burning are far-reaching, impacting both local and global environments. In Sharma’s village and in nearby New Delhi, the capital city notorious for its poor air quality, the smog created by stubble burning is a significant contributor. This severe air pollution not only affects the health of adults but also poses a grave risk to children and the elderly.
The Economic Hurdle
One of the primary reasons behind the prevalence of stubble burning is the financial burden associated with alternatives. Small farmers like Sharma cannot afford the high costs of hiring machinery, which can be as much as $100 for a four-acre farm. The waiting time to rent these machines can extend to two weeks, making this option less viable. The purchase of such machinery, costing nearly 300,000 rupees ($3,606), is an unattainable dream for most small-scale farmers.
The Dominance of Small Farmers
It’s important to note that over 85% of Indian farmers fall into the small-scale category, each typically owning about four acres or less of land. Surprisingly, these small farmers control nearly half of the country’s total crop area. This dominance in land ownership highlights the challenge authorities face in mitigating air pollution in northern India during the winter months.
The Air Quality Crisis in Delhi and Surrounding Areas
Residents in Delhi and neighboring states such as Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab have been grappling with severe air pollution. Data from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) revealed that these regions have experienced some of the worst air quality in the world. In response to this crisis, Delhi has been forced to close primary schools and restrict road traffic. Even international cricketers practicing in the city have had to skip sessions due to the hazardous air quality.
The Impact of Stubble Burning on Delhi’s Air Quality
The practice of stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana has traditionally accounted for a substantial portion of Delhi’s pollution during October and November. Government air-quality monitoring agency SAFAR estimates that this source is responsible for 30% to 40% of the pollution in Delhi during these months. Although the number of stubble burning incidents has decreased by 40%-50% in response to government incentives and fines, some farmers remain defiant.
A Challenging Path to Change
In Karnal, Haryana, farm official Ajay Singh Rana reported a drop in the number of farms engaging in stubble burning this year. Fines were imposed in some cases, but the practice persists. The financial burden and limited alternatives continue to drive small farmers like Aashish Sharma to burn crop residues, despite being aware of the health risks involved.
The Human Cost
The impact on human health cannot be overstated. Mukhi Ram Sharma, Aashish Sharma’s asthmatic uncle, has had to stay indoors due to the poor air quality. “I have been feeling breathless and very uncomfortable for the past month,” he said, highlighting the immediate health consequences faced by residents in these areas.
The Stubble Burning Menace
During a weekend visit to Karnal, Reuters observed at least ten farm fires in various villages, typically occurring in the evening to avoid detection. The district’s air quality index (AQI) consistently read “very poor,” with a value of over 300 for several days. Delhi, on the other hand, witnessed even worse air quality, with an AQI above 400. The combination of stubble burning and low wind speeds creates a toxic cocktail that traps emissions from traffic and industries.
The Political Challenge
It’s no secret that addressing the issue of stubble burning is a complex and politically sensitive matter. Some Haryana residents claim that authorities are hesitant to take tough action against farmers due to their significant voting power. With a general election looming, the willingness to tackle this issue head-on remains uncertain.
A Call for Change
In conclusion, the problem of stubble burning in Indian agriculture is a multifaceted challenge that affects not only local air quality but also the global environment. Small-scale farmers, who make up the majority of the farming population, are faced with limited alternatives due to economic constraints. The consequences of stubble burning are dire, with severe health repercussions for residents in affected areas. As the debate continues, it is clear that a comprehensive and sustainable solution is needed to mitigate this crisis and safeguard the health and well-being of millions.